BPC-157 has been studied since the 1990s, principally by the Sikiric group in Zagreb. TB-500 derives from thymosin beta-4, characterised by Goldstein and colleagues and studied across tissue repair, angiogenesis and cell migration.
1Sikiric, P., Seiwerth, S., Rucman, R., et al. (2011). Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract. Current Pharmaceutical Design. Foundational review of the BPC-157 literature. Search PubMed →
2Chang, C. H., Tsai, W. C., Lin, M. S., et al. (2011). The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. Journal of Applied Physiology. Search PubMed →
3Huang, T., Zhang, K., Sun, L., et al. (2015). Body protective compound-157 enhances alkali-burn wound healing in vivo and promotes proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vitro. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. Search PubMed →
4Hsieh, M. J., Liu, H. T., Wang, C. N., et al. (2017). Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine. Search PubMed →
5Sikiric, P., Rucman, R., Turkovic, B., et al. (2018). Novel cytoprotective mediator, stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Inflammopharmacology. Search PubMed →
6Goldstein, A. L., Hannappel, E., Kleinman, H. K. (2005). Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends in Molecular Medicine. Foundational review of the TB-500 mechanism. Search PubMed →
7Malinda, K. M., Sidhu, G. S., Mani, H., et al. (1999). Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Search PubMed →
8Philp, D., Kleinman, H. K. (2010). Animal studies with thymosin beta 4, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Search PubMed →
9Sosne, G., Qiu, P., Goldstein, A. L., Wheater, M. (2010). Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences. FASEB Journal. Search PubMed →
10Crockford, D., Turjman, N., Allan, C., Angel, J. (2010). Thymosin beta4: structure, function, and biological properties supporting current and future clinical applications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Search PubMed →
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